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A war artist is an either commissioned by a government or publication, or self-motivated, to document first-hand experience of in any form of illustrative or depictive record. Jane Bingham, War and Conflict, Raintree - 2006, pages 30-35Imperial War Museum (IWM), header phrase, "war shapes lives" War artists explore the visual and sensory dimensions of war, often absent in written histories or other accounts of warfare.Australian War Memorial (AWM): Australian official war artists

These artists may be involved in war as onlookers to the scenes, military personnel, or as specifically commissioned to be present and record military activity.

(2001). 9780198662099, Oxford University Press. .

Artists record military activities in ways that cameras and the written word cannot. Their art collects and distills the experiences of the people who endured it.U.S. Naval Historical Center (NHHC), "World War II Navy Art: A Vision of History,", 2001 The artists and their artwork affect how subsequent generations view military conflicts. For example, Australian war artists who grew up between the two world wars were influenced by the artwork which depicted the First World War, and there was a precedent and format for them to follow.Reid, John B. (1977). Australian Artists at War, Vol. 2, p. 5.

Official war artists have been appointed by governments for information or propaganda purposes and to record events on the battlefield,National Archives (UK), "'The Art of War,' Learn About the Art." but there are many other types of war artists. These can include combatants who are artists and choose to record their experiences, non-combatants who are witnesses of war, and prisoners of war who may voluntarily record the conditions or be appointed war artists by senior officers.

In New Zealand, the title of appointed "war artist" is "army artist". In the United States, the term "combat artist" has come to be used to mean the same thing. "With Sketchpads and Guns, Semper Fi";

Some examples and their background
  • William Simpson was an artist-correspondent who sent artwork to London from the front during the .Harrington, Peter. "The First True War Artist," MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, Vol. 9, No. 1, Autumn 1996, pp. 100–109.
  • was an American Civil War pictorial newspaper illustrator.
  • Ogata Gekkō and Tsuguharu Foujita created woodblock prints for Japanese publications.
  • recorded life in Japanese POW camps.Grove, Valerie. The Times (London). February 20, 2010.
  • 's 1851 studio painting of Washington Crossing the Delaware is historically incorrect, and Leutze was born decades after the event his painting depicts, but this work has become an icon of popular culture.

War artists by nationality
Argentine

Australian
War artists have depicted all the conflicts in which Australians have been called to combat. The Australian tradition of "official war artists" started with the First World War. Artists were granted permission to accompany the Australian Imperial Force to record the activities of its soldiers. During the Second World War, the Australian War Museum, later called the Australian War Memorial, engaged artists. At the same time, the Royal Australian Navy, , and Royal Australian Air Force appointed official war artist-soldiers from within their ranks.Wilkins, Lola. "Interpreting the war: Australia's Second World War art." CWM, 2005. These embedded war artists have depicted the activities of Australian forces in , , , , and .

The ranks of non-soldier artists like continue to create artwork which becomes a commentary on Australia's military actions in war.Strauss, David Levi. "George Gittoes with David Levi Strauss," The Brooklyn Rail (New York). July 8, 2010; Order of Australia, George Gittoes, AM, excerpt of citation, " For service to art and international relations as an artist and photographer portraying the effects on the environment of war, international disasters and heavy industry".

Selected artists
A select list of representative Australian artists includes:

Second Boer War

First World War
  • George Bell, 1878–1966
  • Charles Bryant, 1883–1937
  • , 1880–1938
  • A. Henry Fullwood, 1863–1930
  • George Lambert , 1873–1930
  • , 1878–1945
  • , 1862–1941
  • , 1890–1952Gray, Anne. (1986) "McCubbin, Louis Frederick (1890–1952)," Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 10, pp. 243–244; excerpt, "Appointed an official war artist under the Australian Records Section scheme to the 3rd Division, he visited scenes of battles with and Charles Web Gilbert after the war to collect data for proposed dioramas.
  • Harold Septimus Power, 1877–1951
  • James Quinn, 1869–1951
  • , 1867–1943

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Second World War

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Recent conflicts

Austrian

Belgian
First World War

British
British participation in foreign wars has been the subject of paintings and other works created by Britain's war artists. Artwork like the 1688 painting, The Fleet at Sea by Willem van de Velde the Younger depict the Royal Navy in readiness for battle. The Ministry of Defence art collection includes many paintings showing battle scenes, particularly naval battles.Ministry of Defence (MoD), Battles and portraiture has evolved along with other aspects of war. The British official war artists of the First World War created a unique account of that conflict. The British War Artists Scheme expanded the number of official artists and enlarged the scope of their activities during the Second War.Tolson, Roger. "A Common Cause: Britain's War Artists Scheme." CWM, 2005.

Significant themes in the chronicle of twentieth-century wars have been developed by non-military, non-official, civilian artists. For example, society portraitist 's paintings of wounded Iraq War veterans inspired her to spend two weeks with three regiments in different frontline areas: the Green Jackets at Basra Palace, the Queen's Own Gurkhas at Shaibah Logistics Base ten miles south-west of Basra, and the Queen's Royal Lancers in the Maysaan desert. In the field, Dorman drew quick charcoal portraits of the men she met. Returning to England, the sketches she made helped her use art to "evoke the emotions and psychological impact of war," rather than depicting the "physical horror" of war.Harrison, David. "War artist Arabella Dorman paints Iraq," Telegraph (London). May 2, 2009.

Selected artists
A select list of representative British artists includes:

Napoleonic Wars

Crimean War

Boer Wars

First World War

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Second World War

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Recent conflicts

Canadian
Representative works by Canada's artists whose work illustrates and records war are gathered into the extensive collection of the Canadian War Museum. The earliest war art in Canada was rock art created by Indigenous peoples from all regions of the country.
(2026). 9781487102715, Art Canada Institute. .
During the colonial period, large-scale, European-style paintings of war dominated New France and British North America. The First and Second World Wars saw a dramatic increase in the production of war art in every medium. A few First World War paintings were exhibited in the Senate of Canada Chamber, and artists studied these works as a way of preparing to create new artworks in the conflict in Europe which expanded after 1939.Brandon, Laura. "'Doing Justice to History:' Canada's Second World War Official Art Program." CWM, 2005.

In the Second World War, Canada expanded its official art program; Canadian war artists were a kind of journalist who lived the lives of soldiers.Art Gallery of Ontario, "Canvas of War: Masterpieces from the Canadian War Museum," October 2001 – January 2002. The work of non-official civilian artists also became part of the record of this period. Canada supported Canadian official war artists in both the First World War and the Second World War; no official artists were designated during the Korean War. "North Korea: The Forgotten War," CBC News (Canadian Broadcasting Company). July 18, 2003.

Among Canada's embedded artist-journalist teams was Richard Johnson, who was sent by the to Afghanistan in 2007 and 2011; his drawings of Canadian troops were published and posted online as part of the series "Kandahar Journal".

Prominent themes explored by Canadian war artists include commemoration, identity, women, Indigenous representation, propaganda, protest, violence, and religion.

(2026). 9781487102715, Art Canada Institute. .

Selected artists
A select list of representative Canadian artists includes:

First World War
  • John William Beatty, 1869–1941
  • Alexander Young Jackson CC CMG, 1882–1974
  • CC, 1885–1969 , Official army war artist, with some of his paintings, 9 February 1944]]
  • , 1881–1969
  • , 1877-1971
  • , 1882–1970

Second World War
  • , 1909-1980
  • Donald Kenneth Anderson, 1920–2009
  • , 1898–1985
  • Alan Brockman Beddoe OC OBE HFHS FHSC, 1893–1975Library and Archives Canada (LAC), Alan Brockman Beddoe
  • Molly Lamb Bobak CM ONB, 1922–2014   
  • , 1898-1986
  • PC CC ONS, 1920–2013
  • Charles Fraser Comfort OC, 1900–1994
  • Charles Goldhamer, 1903–1985
  • , 1911–2002
  • Lawren P. Harris, 1910–1994
  • William Abernethy Ogilvie CM MBE, 1901–1989
  • George Campbell Tinning RCA, 1910-1996Library and Archives Canada (LAC), [34]
  • OC OBC, 1909–1998

Recent conflicts

Chilean
  • Nicolás Guzmán Bustamante, 1850–1928, chiefly painting the War of the Pacific and the Conquest of Chile

Chinese

Dutch
  • Willem van de Velde the Elder
  • Philips Wouwerman

Finnish
World War II
  • , 1920–1999, Finland's most famous editorial cartoonist, worked as a war artist during World War II.Suomalainen, Kari. Sotakuvia. Sanoma Osakeyhtiö 1963

Flemish

French
During the First World War, the work of artists depicting aspects of the military conflict were put on display in official war art exhibitions.Library of Congress (LOC), Salon des Armées, réservé aux artistes du front. Au profit des oeuvres de guerre. Jardin des Tuileries by Henri Dangon, color film slide; summary description In 1916 the Ministry of Beaux-Arts and the Ministry of War sponsored the Salon des Armées to show the work of the artists who had been mobilized. This one exhibition realized 60,000 francs. The proceeds supported needy artists at home and the disabled.

German

Franco-Prussian War
  • Wilhelm Camphausen
  • Emil Hünten
  • Carl Röchling
  • Anton von Werner

First World War

Second World War

Recent conflicts

Japanese

Korean

New Zealand
War artists have been appointed by the government to supplement the record of New Zealand's military history.Archives New Zealand (Archives NZ), War Art. The title of "war artist" changed to "army artist" when Ion Brown was appointed after the two world wars.New Zealand Army (NZ Army), NZ Army Artist, Matt Gauldie.

Conservators at the National Art Gallery considered the collection to be of historic rather than artistic worth; few were displayed. New Zealand's National Collection of War Art encompasses the work of artists who were working on commission for the Government as official war artists, while others created artworks for their own reasons.

Selected artists
A select list of representative New Zealand artists includes:

First World War
  • George Edmund Butler
  • Horace Moore-Jones
  • Nugent Herrmann Welch

Second World War
  • James Boswell, 1906–1971
  • Russell Clark, 1905–1966
  • John McIndoe, 1898–1995
  • Peter McIntyre OBE, 1910–1995

Recent conflicts

Romanian

Russian

Serbian
  • Mihailo Milovanović, 1879–1941, one of the most distinguished artists in World War I
  • Veljko Stanojević, 1892–1967
  • Kosta Miličević, 1877–1920
  • Živorad Nastasijević, 1895–1966
  • Nadežda Petrović, 1873-1915, succumbed to typhus fever in 1915
  • Natalija Cvetković, 1888–1928
  • Beta Vukanović, 1872-1972
  • Rista Vukanović, 1873-1918, the husband Beta Vukanović
  • Miodrag Petrović, 1888–1950
  • Todor Švrakić, 1882-1931
  • Vladimir Becić, 1886-1954
  • Ana Marinković, 1881–1973

South African

Spanish

United States
The American panorama created by artists whose work focuses on war began with a visual account of the American Revolutionary War. The war artist or combat artist captures instantaneous action and conflates earlier moments of the same scene within one compelling image. Artists are unlike the objective camera lens, which records only a single instant and no more.

In 1917 the American military designated American official war artists who were sent to Europe to record the activities of the American Expeditionary Forces.United States Army Center of Military History (CMH), Army Art Program History.

In World War II, the Navy Combat Art Program ensured that active-duty artists developed a record of all phases of the war and all major naval operations.

The official war artist continued to be supported in some military engagements. Teams of soldier-artists during the created pictorial accounts and interpretations for the annals of army military history. In 1992 the Army Staff Artist Program was attached to the United States Army Center of Military History as a permanent part of the Museum Division's Collections Branch.

The majority of combat artists of the 1970s were selected by George Gray, chairman of NACAL, Navy Air Cooperation and Liaison committee. Some of their paintings will be selected for the Navy Combat Art Museum in the capital by Charles Lawrence, director. In January 1978 the U.S. Navy chose a seascape specialist team: they asked Patricia Yaps and Wayne Dean, both of Milford, Connecticut, to capture missions off of while they were based at the nearby Naval Air Station Key West. They were among 78 artists selected that year to create works of art depicting Navy subjects.Oline Cogdill, Official Combat Artists; They 'Capture' the Navy, People Today, March 11, 1978Andree Hickok, 2 Combat artists capture life and death on canvas, The Sunday Post Closeup F-1, July 2, 1978Virginia Adams, Navy Draft Patricia Yaps as combat artist, The News-Times, July 10, 1978

Selected artists
A select list of representative American artists includes:

Revolutionary War

American Civil War

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Spanish–American War

World War I

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World War II

Vietnam era
Soldier Artist Participants in the U. S. Army Vietnam Combat Artists Program
  • CAT I, 15 Aug – 15 Dec 1966, Roger A. Blum (Stillwell, KS), Robert C. Knight (Newark, NJ), Ronald E. Pepin (East Hartford, CT), Paul Rickert (), Felix R. Sanchez (Fort Madison, IA), John O. Wehrle (Dallas, TX), and supervisor, Frank M. Sherman
  • CAT II, 15 Oct 1966 – 15 Feb 1967, Augustine G. Acuna (Monterey, CA), Alexander A. Bogdanovich (Chicago, IL), Theodore E. Drendel (Naperville, IL), David M. Lavender (Houston, TX), Gary W. Porter (El Cajon, CA), and supervisor, Carolyn M. O'Brien
  • CAT III, 16 Feb – 17 June 1967, Michael R. Crook (Sierra Madre, CA), Dennis O. McGee (Castro Valley, CA), Robert T. Myers (White Sands Missile Range, NM), Kenneth J. Scowcroft (Manassas, VA), Stephen H. Sheldon (Los Angeles, CA), and supervisor, C. Bruce Smyser
  • CAT IV, 15 Aug – 31 Dec 1967, Samuel E. Alexander (Philadelphia, MS), Daniel T. Lopez (Fresno, CA), Burdell Moody (Mesa, AZ), James R. Pollock (Pollock, SD), Ronald A. Wilson (Alhambra, CA), and technical supervisor, Frank M. Thomas
  • CAT V, 1 Nov 1967 – 15 March 1968, Warren W. Buchanan (Kansas City, MO), Philip V. Garner (Dearborn, MI), Phillip W. Jones (Greensboro, NC), Don R. Schol (Denton, TX), John R. Strong (Kanehoe, HI), and technical supervisor, Frank M. Thomas
  • CAT VI, 1 Feb – 15 June 1968, Robert T. Coleman (Grand Rapids, MI), David N. Fairrington (Oakland, CA), John D. Kurtz IV (Wilmington, DE), Kenneth T. McDaniel (Paris, TN), Michael P. Pala (Bridgeport, CT)
  • CAT VII, 15 Aug – 31 Dec 1968, Brian H. Clark (Huntington, NY), William E. Flaherty Jr. (Louisville, KY), William C. Harrington (Terre Haute, IN), Barry W. Johnston (Huntsville, AL), Stephen H. Randall (Des Moines, IA), and supervisor, Fitzallen N. Yow
  • CAT VIII, 1 Feb – 15 June 1969, Edward J. Bowen (Carona Del Mar, CA), James R. Drake (Colorado Springs, CO), Roman Rakowsky (, OH), Victory V. Reynolds (Idaho Falls, ID), Thomas B. Schubert (Chicago, IL), and supervisor, Fred B. Engel
  • CAT IX, 1 Sept 1969 – 14 Jan 1970, David E. Graves (Lawrence, KS), James S. Hardy (Coronado, CA), William R. Hoettels (San Antonio, TX), Bruce N. Rigby (Dekalb, IL), Craig L. Stewart (Laurel, MD), and supervisor, Edward C. Williams

Recent conflicts

See also
  • Commission (art)
    • American official war artists
    • Australian official war artists
    • British official war artists
    • Canadian official war artists
    • German official war artists
    • Japanese official war artists
    • New Zealand official war artists

Notes
  • McCloskey, Barbara. (2005). Artists of World War II. Westport: Greenwood Press. ; OCLC 475496457
  • Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 48943301
  • Okamoto, Shumpei and . (1983). Impressions of the Front: Woodcuts of the Sino Japanese War, 1894–95. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art. OCLC 179964815

Further reading
  • Brandon, Laura. (2008). Art and War. New York: I.B. Tauris. ; OCLC 225345535
  • Cork, Richard. (1994). A Bitter Truth: Avant-garde Art and the Great War. New Haven: Yale University Press. ; OCLC 185692286
  • Foot, Michael Richard Daniel. (1990). Art and War: Twentieth Century Warfare as Depicted by War Artists. London: Headline. ; OCLC 21407670
  • Gallatin, Albert Eugene. (1919). Art and the Great War. New York: E.P. Dutton. OCLC 422817
  • Hodgson, Pat (1977). The War Illustrators. London: Osprey. OCLC 462210052
  • Johnson, Peter (1978). Front-Line Artists. London: Cassell. ; OCLC 4412441
  • Jones, James (1975). WW II: a Chronicle of Soldiering. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. 1617592
  • Lanker, Brian and . (2000). They Drew Fire: Combat Artists of World War II. New York: TV Books. ; OCLC 43245885

Australia

  • Reid, John B. (1977). Australian Artists at War: Compiled from the Australian War Memorial Collection. Volume 1. 1885–1925; Vol. 2 1940–1970. South Melbourne, Victoria: Sun Books. ; OCLC 4035199

Canada

  • Oliver, Dean Frederick, and Laura Brandon (2000). Canvas of War: Painting the Canadian Experience, 1914 to 1945. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ; OCLC 43283109
  • Tippett, Maria. (1984). Art at the Service of War: Canada, Art, and the Great War. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ; OCLC 13858984

Germany

  • Gilkey, Gordon. War Art of the Third Reich. Bennington, Vermont: International Graphics Corporation, 1982). ; OCLC 223704492
  • Weber, John Paul. (1979). The German War Artists. Columbia, South Carolina: Cerberus. ; OCLC 5727293

New Zealand

South Africa

  • Carter, Albert Charles Robinson. (1900). The Work of War Artists in South Africa. London: "The Art Journal" Office. OCLC 25938498

United Kingdom

  • Gough, Paul. (2010). A Terrible Beauty: British Artists in the First World War. Bristol: Sansom and Company. ; OCLC 559763485
  • Harries, Meirion and Suzie Harries. (1983). The War Artists: British Official War Art of the Twentieth Century. London: Michael Joseph. ; OCLC 9888782
  • Harrington, Peter. (1983). British Artists and War: The Face of Battle in Paintings and Prints, 1700–1914. London: Greenhill. ; OCLC 28708501
  • Haycock, David Boyd. (2009). A Crisis of Brilliance: Five Young British Artists and the Great War. London: Old Street Publishing. ; OCLC 318876179
  • Hichberger, J.W.M. (1988). Images of the Army: The Military in British Art 1815–1914. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ; OCLC 17295891
  • Sillars, Stuart (1987). Art and Survival in First World War Britain. New York: St. Martins Press. ; OCLC 14932245
  • Holme, Charles. (1918). The War Depicted by Distinguished British Artists. London: The Studio. OCLC 5081170

United States

  • Cornebise, Alfred. (1991). Art from the trenches: America's Uniformed Artists in World War I. College Station: Texas A & M University Press. ; OCLC 22892632
  • Harrington, Peter, and Frederic A. Sharf. (1988). A Splendid Little War; The Spanish–American War, 1898; The Artists' Perspective. London: Greenhill. ; OCLC 260112479
  • Chase Maenius. The Art of Wars: Paintings of Heroes, Horrors and History. 2014.

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